Subject: FAQ: Qualification and Seeding for the European Cups From: martin@inferenzsysteme.informatik.th-darmstadt.de (Martin Protzen) Date: 29 Jul 1994 13:52:12 GMT Newsgroups: rec.sport.soccer ============================================================================= * * * FAQ: Qualification and Seeding for the European Cups * * * ============================================================================= This FAQ has been prepared to answer various questions regarding the seeding and qualification process for the three European Cups. It has been prepared by Martin Protzen with the help of Lars Thore Aarhus , Karel Stokkermans , James Ross and Kent Hedlundh . There are three different European Cups - the Champions' Cup (CC) - the Cup Winners' Cup (CWC) - the UEFA Cup (UC), originally intended for League runners up. The qualification for these Cups is due to the performance in National Leagues resp. Cup competitions. The Champion usually enters the CC, the Cup Winner (resp. losing finalist in case of a double) enters the CWC, while a variable number of League runners up enter the UC (in some countries winners of a League Cup enter the UC as well). UEFA has changed this qualification process before this season so that only the CC holder together with the top 23 champions enter the CC while all other champions will enter the UC. To determine the top champions and the number of UC berth allocated to a country UEFA maintains two different ranking lists. The basis for both rankings is the performance of teams in all three European Cups during a five year period. During that period each team gets two points for a win and one point for a draw. One bonus point is allocated for reaching the quarter final, the semi final and the final. During the past three years reaching the league stage of the CC yielded two bonus points. From these points two rankings are computed 1) The ranking coefficient which is used in the ranking of the teams in the Champions league, but also in the seeding of the teams in the other two European cups. This coefficient is calculated for all the countries based on an average over the _last_ 5 years, including the season just finished (i.e the 1994/95 coefficient is based on the 1989/90 to 1993/94 seasons). What is averaged is (#total points for country/#total _games_). In addition the same coefficient is calculated for each participating club based only on that club's results in the last 5 years. If this coefficient is higher than the country coefficient, that club will be `competing' in the ranking with its club coefficient. Games in preliminary rounds do not count towards this coefficient (see table A below). [ Note: There also seems to be a rule regarding the country coefficient of countries participating less than three years which will be integrated in a subsequent version of this FAQ. ] 2) The UEFA coefficient which determines how many entrants each country should have in the UEFA cup. This coefficient is a sum of 5 averages over the next-to-last 5 years, where each average is based on (#total points for country/#total clubs). To determine the participants in the 1994/95 UEFA Cup, the results from the years 1988/89 to 1992/93 are used, because each country should know at the start of the season, how many places it disposes. For this ranking results in preliminary rounds are taken into account (at least they have been in the past - this is probably subject to change). The distribution then is that the countries ranked 1 - 3 obtain 4 berths, 4 - 8 3 berths, 9 - 21 2 berths and the remaining countries obtain 1 berth (see table B below). Also, from the next season on some additional berths will be allowed for winners of the Intertoto Summer Cup and the Fair Play Competition. Hence we get the following allocation of UEFA Cup berths: 49 countries, Liechtenstein only competes in CWC 48 countries with one berth 21 countries with two berths 8 countries with three berths 3 countries with four berths 25 champions not entering the CC 16 berths for the eight champions losing in the first round of the CC, directly admitted to the second round (this idea may have been cancelled) 4 Intertoto Cup participants 3 Fair Play competition winners 1 defending UEFA Cup Holder (if otherwise non eligible) --- 129 (obviously UEFA hopes that at least one berth will be forfeited). This season UEFA did not admit 13 countries (Yug, Lat, Alb, Cro, Blo, Mol, Est, Lit, Geo, Arm, Azb, Mac, SMa) into the UEFA Cup. The two Yugoslavian berths were given to England resp. Romania while all other berths were left open. Three of the berths allocated for League Champions were not taken (Yugoslavia and San Marino not allowed to enter, Italian Champion qualified as Cup Holder). Also the 23 berths for CC first round losers, Intertoto Cup participants and Fair Play competition winners were left open. In the CWC the Cup Winners of the following countries were not allowed into the competition : Yug, Geo, Arm, Azb, Mac, SMa. Now on to real figures. These are - to the best of my knowledge - the coefficients used for this year's seeding. ================================================================================ Table A: team coefficients used for seeding purposes ================================================================================ Legend of table: for each season the points achieved and the number of games played is listed # League champion not qualified for CC, entered into UC - team was eliminated in preliminary round 89/90 90/91 91/92 92/93 93/94 team country max coefficient -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *** Champions' Cup -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- seeded for League stage -- AC Milan Ita 16 9 5 4 23 11 23 12 1,861 1,594 1,861 Ajax Amsterdam Ned 0 2 23 12 15 8 8 6 1,643 1,123 1,643 Manchester Utd Eng 19 9 4 4 2 2 6 4 1,632 1,319 1,632 Bayern Muenchen Ger 15 8 14 8 5 4 5 4 1,625 1,378 1,625 FC Barcelona Esp 5 4 14 9 18 11 4 4 22 12 1,575 1,350 1,575 SL Benfica Por 17 9 0 2 14 10 14 8 13 8 1,568 1,300 1,568 Spartak Moscow Rus 4 4 11 8 5 4 15 8 15 10 1,471 1,189 1,471 RSC Anderlecht Bel 16 9 10 8 14 10 8 6 14 10 1,442 1,230 1,442 -- first round -- Paris St Germain Fra 3 4 13 10 14 8 1,364 1,427 1,427 Legia Warsaw Pol 1 2 13 8 1,400 0,840 1,400 Rangers Sco 1 2 5 4 2 2 18 10 2 2 1,400 1,079 1,400 Austria Salzburg Aut 0 2 17 12 1,214 1,116 1,214 IFK Gothenburg Swe 2 2 3 4 14 10 1,188 0,828 1,188 Dinamo Kiev Ukr 8 6 8 6 13 10 2 4 2 2 1,179 0,857 1,179 Steaua Bucharest Rom 6 4 3 4 6 6 8 6 4 4 1,125 0,872 1,125 Galatasaray Tur 1 2 8 6 8 6 10 10 1,125 0,984 1,125 Sparta Prague Czr 5 4 0 2 12 10 10 6 2 4 1,115 0,000 1,115 Hajduk Split Cro 2 2 2 2 1,000 1,000 1,000 AEK Athens Gre 3 4 8 6 4 4 1 2 1,000 0,975 1,000 Maccabi Haifa Isr 4 4 1,000 0,600 1,000 Servette Geneva Sui 3 4 0,750 0,906 0,906 Vac FC Hun 2 2 3 4 2 2 0,875 0,615 0,875 Silkeborg IF Den 0,000 0,803 0,803 Avenir Beggen Lux 2 2 1 2 - - 0,750 0,154 0,750 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *** Cup Winners' Cup -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- UC Sampdoria Ita 19 9 8 6 17 11 1,692 1,594 1,692 Arsenal Eng 3 4 18 9 1,615 1,319 1,615 Werder Bremen Ger 16 10 18 9 2 4 13 10 1,485 1,378 1,485 AJ Auxerre Fra 11 8 6 4 16 10 1 2 1,417 1,427 1,427 FC Porto Por 8 6 9 6 5 4 14 10 16 11 1,405 1,300 1,405 Real Zaragoza Esp 5 4 8 6 1,300 1,350 1,350 Chelsea Eng 0,000 1,319 1,319 Club Brugge KV Bel 3 4 4 4 14 8 13 10 1,308 1,230 1,308 CSKA Moscow Rus 2 2 11 10 1,083 1,189 1,189 Broendby IF Den 1 2 14 10 3 4 7 6 1,136 0,803 1,136 Feyenoord Ned 2 2 12 8 5 6 3 4 1,100 1,123 1,123 Austria Vienna Aut 6 4 3 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 0,944 1,116 1,116 Dundee United Sco 6 4 3 4 2 2 1,100 1,079 1,100 Panathinaikos Gre 3 4 0 2 11 10 5 4 6 4 1,042 0,975 1,042 Croatia Zagreb Cro - - 2 2 1 2 2 2 0,833 1,000 1,000 Besiktas Tur 0 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 4 0,500 0,984 0,984 Grasshopper Sui 6 6 1 2 1 2 4 4 0,857 0,906 0,906 Gloria Bistrita Rom 1 2 0,500 0,872 0,872 Chernom. Odessa Ukr 3 4 2 2 0,833 0,857 0,857 LKS Lodz Pol 0,000 0,840 0,840 -- preliminary round -- IFK Norrkoping Swe 1 2 4 4 2 2 1 2 0,800 0,828 0,828 Ferencvarosi Hun 3 4 3 4 4 4 1 2 0 2 0,688 0,615 0,688 Maribor Branik Sln 0 2 4 4 0,667 0,400 0,667 Pirin Blagoevgrad Bul 0,000 0,652 0,652 Maccabi Tel-Aviv Isr 0 2 0,000 0,600 0,600 Bodo Glimt Nor 0,000 0,567 0,567 SK Tirane Alb 2 4 0,500 0,400 0,500 Fandok Bobruisk Blo 0,000 0,500 0,500 HJK Helsinki Fin 0 2 0 2 0 2 0,000 0,475 0,475 Barry Town Wal 0,000 0,417 0,417 Omonia Nicosia Cyp 0 2 3 4 0 2 - - 0,375 0,412 0,412 IB Keflavik Ice 0,000 0,406 0,406 Bangor FC NIr 0 2 - - 0,000 0,357 0,357 Zalgiris Vilnius Lit 2 4 0 2 - - 0,333 0,000 0,333 Floriana Mal 1 2 0 2 1 2 0,333 0,167 0,333 Olimpia Riga Lat 0,000 0,250 0,250 Sligo Rovers Ire 0,000 0,208 0,208 F91 Dudelange Lux - - 0,000 0,154 0,154 Victoria Zizkov Czr 0,000 0,000 0,000 Norma Tallinn Est - - - - 0,000 0,000 0,000 B 71 Sandur Far 0,000 0,000 0,000 FC Schaan Lie 0,000 0,000 0,000 Tiligul Tiraspol Mol 0,000 0,000 0,000 Tatran Presov Slk 0,000 0,000 0,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *** UEFA Cup -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Juventus Ita 23 12 16 8 24 12 12 8 1,875 1,594 1,875 Olymp. Marseilles Fra 14 8 16 9 6 4 21 11 1,781 1,427 1,781 Parma Ita 2 2 16 9 14 9 1,600 1,594 1,600 Internazionale Ita 1 2 18 12 1 2 22 12 1,500 1,594 1,594 SS Lazio Ita 6 4 1,500 1,594 1,594 Napoli Ita 5 6 6 4 5 4 1,143 1,594 1,594 Real Madrid Esp 6 4 9 6 16 10 12 8 9 6 1,529 1,350 1,529 Borussia Dortmund Ger 5 4 10 6 17 12 12 8 1,467 1,378 1,467 Girondins BordeauxFra 7 6 10 6 1,417 1,427 1,427 AS Cannes Fra 3 4 0,750 1,427 1,427 FC Nantes Fra 1 2 0,500 1,427 1,427 Bayer Leverkusen Ger 8 6 9 6 1,417 1,378 1,417 Eintr. Frankfurt Ger 2 2 5 4 4 4 11 8 1,222 1,378 1,378 1. FC K'lautern Ger 2 2 5 4 7 6 1,167 1,378 1,378 Dep. La Coruna Esp 5 6 0,833 1,350 1,350 Athletic Bilbao Esp 1,350 1,350 Aston Villa Eng 6 4 4 4 1,250 1,319 1,319 Blackburn Rovers Eng 1,319 1,319 Newcastle United Eng 1,319 1,319 Sporting Lisbon Por 2 2 15 10 2 2 2 2 7 6 1,273 1,300 1,300 Boavista Por 1 2 4 4 4 4 12 8 1,167 1,300 1,300 CS Maritimo Por 1 2 0,500 1,300 1,300 Trabzonspor Tur 2 2 8 6 4 4 6 4 1,250 0,984 1,250 Royal Antwerp Bel 10 8 1 2 11 9 3 4 1,087 1,230 1,230 FC Seraing Bel 1,230 1,230 SC Charleroi Bel 1,230 1,230 Admira Wacker Aut 8 6 9 6 5 4 0 2 1,222 1,116 1,222 Dinamo Moscow Rus 6 6 6 6 2 2 1,000 1,189 1,189 Rotor Volgograd Rus 1,189 1,189 Tekstil. Kamyshin Rus 1,189 1,189 FC Sion Sui 4 4 5 4 5 4 1,167 0,906 1,167 Olympiakos Pireus Gre 6 6 4 4 7 6 6 4 1,150 0,975 1,150 Vitesse Arnhem Ned 7 6 8 6 1 2 1,143 1,123 1,143 PSV Eindhoven Ned 7 6 1 2 4 4 9 10 1 2 0,917 1,123 1,123 Twente Enschede Ned 1 2 1 2 0 2 0,333 1,123 1,123 FC Innsbruck Aut 5 4 5 4 7 6 0 2 5 4 1,100 1,116 1,116 Dinamo Bucharest Rom 12 8 4 4 3 4 3 4 2 2 1,091 0,872 1,091 -- preliminary round -- Motherwell Sco 2 2 1,000 1,079 1,079 Aberdeen Sco 2 2 5 4 0 2 4 4 0,917 1,079 1,079 AIK Stockholm Swe 2 2 2 2 1,000 0,828 1,000 FC Copenhagen Den 10 8 4 4 2 4 1,000 0,803 1,000 Inter Bratislava Slk 4 4 1,000 0,000 1,000 Fenerbahce Tur 0 2 4 4 5 4 0,900 0,984 0,984 Aris Saloniki Gre 0,975 0,975 FC Aarau Sui 1 2 0,500 0,906 0,906 Univ. Craiova Rom 4 4 2 2 0 2 4 4 0,833 0,872 0,872 Rapid Bucharest Rom 0 2 0,000 0,872 0,872 Shaktjor Donetsk Ukr 0,857 0,857 CSKA Sofia Bul 7 6 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 0,850 0,652 0,850 GKS Katowice Pol 1 2 4 4 2 4 1 2 1 2 0,643 0,840 0,840 Gornik Zabrze Pol 0 2 1 2 0,250 0,840 0,840 Trelleborg Swe 0,828 0,828 OB Odense Den 0 2 0 2 1 2 0,167 0,803 0,803 Slavia Prague Czr 2 2 1 2 0,750 0,000 0,750 Kispest-Honved Hun 2 4 5 4 0 2 0,700 0,615 0,700 Rosenborg BK Nor# 1 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 0,700 0,567 0,700 Slovan Bratislava Slk# 2 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 0,700 0,000 0,700 Levski Sofia Bul# 1 2 0 2 2 2 3 4 0,600 0,652 0,652 FK Shumen Bul 0,652 0,652 ESSC Bekescsaba Hun 0,615 0,615 Hapoel Be'erSheevaIsr 0,600 0,600 Lillestrom SK Nor 0 2 1 2 2 2 0,500 0,567 0,567 Dinamo Minsk Blo# 1 2 0,500 0,500 0,500 Apollon Limassol Cyp# 1 2 2 4 0 2 3 4 0,500 0,412 0,500 IA Akranes Ice# 0 2 2 2 0,500 0,406 0,500 Hafnarfjardar Ice 1 2 0,500 0,406 0,500 Linfield NIr# 0 2 2 2 0,500 0,357 0,500 MyPa Anjalankoski Fin - - 0,475 0,475 FC Jazz Pori Fin# 0,475 0,475 Inter Cardiff Wal 0,417 0,417 Bangor City Wal# 0,417 0,417 Anorthosis Cyp 1 2 0 2 0,250 0,412 0,412 Olimpija LjubljanaSln# 0 2 - - 0,000 0,400 0,400 Teuta Durres Alb# 0,400 0,400 Mura Murska SubotaSln 0,400 0,400 Portadown NIr 0 2 0 2 1 2 0,167 0,357 0,357 Skonto Riga Lat# 1 2 0 2 0,250 0,250 0,250 Cork City Ire 0 2 1 2 0 2 0,167 0,208 0,208 Shamrock Rovers Ire# 0,208 0,208 Valletta Mal 0 2 0 2 0 2 - - 0 2 0,000 0,167 0,167 Hibernians FC Mal# 0 2 0,000 0,167 0,167 CS Grevenmacher Lux 0,154 0,154 HB Torshavn Far 0 2 0,000 0,000 0,000 Dinamo Tbilisi Geo# - - 0,000 0,000 Zimbrul Chisinau Mol# - - 0,000 0,000 Ararat Erevan Arm# 0,000 0,000 FC Touran Tauz Azb# 0,000 0,000 Flora Tallinn Est# 0,000 0,000 GI Gotu Far# 0,000 0,000 Romar Mazeikiai Lit# 0,000 0,000 Vardar Skopje Mac# 0,000 0,000 ================================================================================ Table B : UEFA coefficient to determine the number of berths per country ================================================================================ first column: coefficient used to determine this year's berths second column: coefficient used to determine next year's berths third column: starting value of the coefficient which will be accumulated in this year's competition. Country 88/89 89/90 90/91 -92/93 -93/94 -93/94 ------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Italy 60,31 62,29 1 50,58 1 2 France 40,45 45,15 2 35,95 2 3 Germany 39,39 41,63 3 30,13 5 ------------------------------------------------------------- 4 Spain 37,12 35,98 5 30,48 4 5 Belgium 36,83 36,40 4 26,60 8 6 Russia 31,00 32,50 7 28,50 6 7 Portugal 28,40 33,80 6 28,00 7 8 Netherlands 25,90 24,25 9 21,05 9 ------------------------------------------------------------- 9 England 23,00 31,50 8 31,50 3 10 Yugoslavia 22,91 17,91 13 13,91 15 11 Romania 22,15 15,10 17 10,35 20 12 Scotland 19,75 17,75 14 14,55 13 13 Turkey 18,73 18,82 12 18,49 10 14 Austria 18,20 21,80 10 15,20 12 15 Greece 17,25 19,50 11 16,00 11 16 Denmark 16,07 15,16 16 14,50 14 17 Switzerland 15,50 15,50 15 11,75 16 18 Sweden 14,85 13,00 18 10,50 18 19 Poland 12,16 12,16 19 11,41 17 20 Bulgaria 10,66 9,16 21 5,83 26 21 Hungary 9,66 8,41 22 7,16 22 ------------------------------------------------------------- 22 Wales 8,00 6,00 29 5,00 29 23 Finland 6,66 6,33 27 5,08 28 24 Israel 5,00 10,50 20 10,50 18 24 Latvia 5,00 7,00 24 7,00 23 26 Iceland 4,33 6,66 26 6,66 25 26 Albania 4,33 4,33 31 2,33 35 28 Norway 3,66 8,32 23 7,99 21 28 Ukraina 3,66 6,99 25 6,99 24 28 Cyprus 3,66 6,32 28 5,32 27 31 North. Ireland 3,32 4,98 30 4,98 30 32 Ireland 2,65 3,65 34 3,65 33 32 Malta 2,65 3,31 35 2,65 34 34 Luxembourg 2,32 2,32 36 1,99 36 35 Slovenia 2,00 4,33 32 4,33 31 36 Faroe Islands 0,50 1,50 37 1,50 37 37 Croatia 0,00 4,00 33 4,00 32 37 Belarus 0,00 1,50 37 1,50 37 37 Moldova 0,00 1,00 39 1,00 39 37 Estonia 0,00 0,50 40 0,50 40 37 Lithuania 0,00 0,00 41 0,00 41 37 Georgia 0,00 0,00 41 0,00 41 37 Armenia 0,00 0,00 41 0,00 41 37 Azerbaidchan 0,00 0,00 41 0,00 41 37 Macedonia 0,00 0,00 41 0,00 41 37 Czech Republic 0,00 0,00 41 0,00 41 37 Slovakia 0,00 0,00 41 0,00 41 37 San Marino 0,00 0,00 41 0,00 41 - Liechtenstein 0,00 3,00 - 3,00 - ================================================================================ Q & A section ================================================================================ Q: What is the Intertoto Cup ? What is the Fair Play Competition ? As for the Intertoto Cup, this started as a way to guarantee income to the toto-industry in the early seventies (in fact, this generated a significant of money for clubs in several countries, one of them the Netherlands), and the first one or two seasons, the group winners played out a final stage to determine an overall winner (the first being Ajax, if I remember correctly). After a few years, the competition degenerated into summer practice for midtable teams of North, Central and East European countries. Teams from the British Isles, Spain or Italy seldom participated, if at all. No final stage was played after the initial (one or two) season(s), and nobody really cares for it. This new directive by UEFA seems like a final attempt of attracting some attention to it. The Fair Play Cup thing will be determined by UEFA. Officials of that worthy body will attend all European matches in the oncoming seasons, and grade the behaviour of players, coaches, and fans. The best three teams according to this ranking are supposed to qualify automatically for the UEFA Cup of the season afterwards (or the one after that, I don't know). Of course, nobody has a clue as to the precise mathematical formulation of this formula, a bit like the FIFA country ranking... -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Martin Protzen Department of Computer Science Technical University of Darmstadt Germany